Not many may know: Hawaii is the longest and most isolated archipelago in the world. This isolation of the Hawaiian Islands, located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean makes Mauna Kea one of the best locations on earth for ground-based astronomy. Today while visiting, we learned that it is an ideal location for submillimeter, infrared and optical observations.
The other factor in selecting the home of this observatory is the altitude. Other little known facts that you will learn while visiting, this observatory lies at an elevation almost twice that of any other major observatory and above 40 percent of the Earth's atmosphere; there is thus less intervening atmosphere to obscure the light from distant stellar objects. A high proportion of nights at Mauna Kea are clear, calm, and cloudless owing to local weather peculiarities and the fact that the mountaintop lies above cloud cover most of the time. The high elevation and extremely dry, clear air make the site ideal for observing astronomical objects that emit radiation at far-infrared wavelengths, which are easily blocked by atmospheric water vapour.
As air pollution from industrialization and light pollution from artificial lighting increased during the Industrial Revolution, astronomers sought observatory sites in remote locations with clear and dark skies, naturally drawing them towards the mountains.
The highest mountains of the Hawaiian Islands, are located on the Big Island. Mauna Kea rises 13,796 feet and Mauna Loa 13,679 feet above sea level. Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano.
The summit of Mauna Kea is so high that visitors are advised to stop at the visitor station for at least 30 minutes to acclimate to atmospheric conditions before continuing to the summit. At 14,000 feet, there is 40% less oxygen than at sea level. This was our second visit, the first time, several years back was during the month of December, with temperatures dipping into the low 40's, it was much too cold, paired with high winds. This clear, no wind day in late November was ideal for a second attempt to reach the summit.
Mauna Kea houses the world's largest observatory.
It has became the site of the world's most important collection of telescopes designed for observation. Once you reach the top of the summit, you will see some of the largest reflectors, owned by the United Kingdom, Canada-France-Hawaii, the NASA, The Keck telescope, operated jointly by Caltech and the University of California. the Japanese Subaru and the Gemini. There are other smaller ones, which I could not recall.
You must have a four wheel drive vehicle to drive to the top of the summit, why risk your safety and ruin a perfectly good rent a car?
Other cool things to take notice of while visiting...
Lake Waiau is located here, if you are able to handle the cold, (dress appropriately in winter clothing) and altitude, you may hike to see it. We did not do this but we're told by the park ranger that it would take approximately an hour and half. An hour if you are a sherpa. There is a trail, so we put it on our list, for a future visit. The lake is one of the highest in the world, an anomaly in the peak region of Mauna Kea as everywhere else the ground is unable to retain water. The exact nature of the impermeable ground layer of the lake is unknown. It is one of very few lakes at all in the state of Hawaii.
Mauna Kea Adz Quarry, a large complex of archeological sites, is located on the south slope of Mauna Kea in the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve. The Adz Quarry is the largest primitive rock quarry in the world and was used by the ancient Hawaiians to both obtain basalt and make various stone tools. An adze (adz) is an ancient type of edge tool dating back to the stone age. Similar to an axe in shape, it was used for cutting, smoothing, and carving wood and other materials. In the Hawaiian Islands, an adze blade was generally made out of basalt, a common volcanic rock formed by the rapid cooling of lava. Basalt was favored for tool making because of its hardness and ability to hold an edge. An adze was made by quarrying a suitable piece of rectangular basalt and then chipping at it with a piece of hard stone until it took on the rough shape of an axe head. The upper and lower sides of the adze blade were then tapered using a grinding stone sprinkled with sand and water. Once the sides had been ground down and the edge was sharpened, the blade was secured to a wooden handle with a fiber cord. The finished adze was then ready to be used or traded for other goods or services. A perfect and solid tool. Basalt is a fine-grained, hard rock that forms when bits of lava shoot out of volcanoes, so it's one kind of igneous rock. When the lava cools quickly, it turns into basalt. read more