The Dartford crossing is one of the busiest estuary crossings in the UK, carrying the M25 traffic across the mouth of the Thames.
Actually, that's under and over the Thames, as this crossing has been built in stages. Things started as long ago as 1929, when Kent and Essex County Councils promoted a Bill for the construction of a tunnel. A pilot tunnel was authorised in 1936 and completed in 1938.
The Second World War prevented construction of the main tunnel and the plans were put on ice until 1955. The first tunnel eventually opened in 1963, and was known as the Dartford tunnel. As congestion grew, a second tunnel was built, and opened in 1980. But all hell broke loose with the completion of the M25 access roads in 1986, which created a surge in traffic and a reputation for fearsome congestion at peak times. (The road across the bridge and through the tunnel is technically not part of the M25, to allow other traffic through it - including, amazingly, bicycles and pedestrians: these are taken across in a special shuttle.)
To relieve the congestion, the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge was built alongside and opened in 1991. This is a four lane bridge, which compliments the two twin-lane tunnels, providing four lanes across in each direction. Normally, the tunnels carry northbound traffic and the bridge the southbound, but if the bridge is closed - for bad weather, for example, the tunnels can revert to functioning as a dual carriageway. The toll plazas are on the south side.
The bridge is truly impressive - a landmark for miles around. It is a cable-stayed suspension bridge, with a central span of 450 m (1,476 ft), which provides a clearance of 57.5 m for ships (213 ft) above the Thames. With the approach spans, the bridge is just under 2.9km long (1.8miles), and the main piers are 137m (450ft) high. On the northern side, a new addition is the viaduct for the High Speed Train line from the Channel Tunnel to St Pancras International, which crosses under the bridge approach but over the tunnel exit.
Pedestrians and bicycles are carried free on the shuttle: motorcycles also go free, and must use the green 'pay' lanes. All other vehicles must pay a toll: a new charging regime comes into effect on 15th November, with free crossings at night to encourage off-peak use. Regular users can take advantage of the automatic 'Dart Tag', which operates on a pre-pay system, and also allows for certain exemptions, for example for local residents. See: http://www.dart-tag.co.uk for details.
Although I've used the tunnel several times, the other weekend was the first time I had used the bridge. It's much more impressive - the views are excellent, although a potential distraction from watching the road ahead (and note that traffic often queues across the bridge for tolls, so be warned). During the day it is always busy, so allow 10-15 minutes at least to queue, and rather longer at peak times.
And finally, some interesting but useless statistics: the crossing was used by over 53 million vehicles in 2007-08, averaging 145,000 a day, with over 176,000 on the busiest day.
Since the crossing was opened in 1963, the total number of vehicles using it (to 31st March 2008) is an amazing 1,183,475,859! read more