American Research Center in Egypt
lecture 1/25/09
"Sex, Lies, and Ostraca: a New Look at the Foreman Paneb"
Al Berens, Independent Scholar
The Foreman Paneb is one of the most notorious characters currently known to us from ancient Egypt. A resident of the workman's village at Deir el Medina, he was one of the foreman responsible for building the tombs of Merenptah and Seti II of the 19th Dynasty.
The main account of the 'crimes' of Paneb come to us from a papyrus placed in a private tomb in the Deir el Medina necropolis. The charges against Paneb are many: theft, assault, rape, bribery, tomb-robbery, and blasphemy, for example.
Some of these crimes appear to be corroborated, some do not. Some are merely perks of his position - using his subordinates to construct his own tomb, for example. Others are common behavior throughout civilization, such as bribing an official to secure a promotion. And then there are the ones that seem to have been added for the sake of character assassination, such as the claim he violated 3 women - one of whom was a 5-year old girl. This seems highly doubtful; unlike the adult women, the girl is not named. Similar claims of adultery always state 3 women - often a woman and her own mother - so this seems to be a standard charge used to blacken an accused's reputation. By claiming Paneb had raped a child, the compiler of this account seems to have been determined to further demonize Paneb.
The charges of assault - pelting passersby with stones from his perch atop a wall - seem legitimate, as do theft and tomb-robbery. The persons best placed to rob a tomb are the ones who built it, after all - or who guard it. The author of the papyrus may well have been a gentleman named Amennakht, whose appointment as Chief Workman had been usurped by Paneb. By tucking the papyrus into a tomb, he no doubt intended for the gods to bring Paneb to justice in the next world that he may have evaded in this one.
Mr. Berens concluded that Paneb was very likely a bully and a petty criminal, mostly one of opportunity. A bad character to be sure, but one who had been slandered by someone with a severe grudge. The ancient Egyptians obviously liked a good gossip and scandal as much as anyone, and for all we know, that papyrus might as well be an equivalent to the 'National Enquirer'!
This lecture was suprisingly under-attended, considering the juicy-sounding topic, but it was interesting and enjoyable. read more