As Moonrising says, to-day's London Bridge isn't really anything to look at: begun in 1967, it was opened by the Queen in 1972. 928ft (283m) long, the structure of pre-stressed concrete box girders comprises two short spans either side of a wide central span of 341ft (104m). But it is functional, and the wide central span does have a certain sort of elegance about it.
More interesting, of course, is its history. Incredibly, for many years people forded the Thames in this area. The old river (before the embankments were built) was much wider and shallower, though probably still as muddy, so crossing it must have been extraordinarily dangerous and unpleasant.
The Romans got the act together with a wooden bridge, some time around 80AD. A sizeable settlement quickly grew up on the north side, developing into the Roman town of Londinium. After the Romans left, the bridge was subject to collapse from fire, flood and war. It is clear that at certain times there was no bridge, with ferries instead.
There was definitely a bridge in place in 984AD, probably the one Olaf the Norseman and his fellow Vikings pulled down in 1014. Another was swept away by a flood in 1091. In 1163, yet another wooden bridge was built, by one Peter de Colechurch. It was he whose replacement design in stone, begun in 1176 and completed 33 years later, in 1209, was to become the most famous and longest lived bridge, lasting until 1825.
When it was built, it comprised nineteen stone spans of Gothic (pointed) arches, with a drawbridge span to allow the bridge to be closed for ships and security. A chapel dedicated to Thomas a Becket was built in the centre of the bridge, and Peter de Colechurch was buried there in 1205. Over the years, it acquired its famous double row of houses and shops, whose rents supplemented the tolls for its upkeep.
In 1269, these tolls were gifted by Henry III to his wife Queen Eleanor, and the bridge fell into disrepair. In 1281 part of the bridge collapsed, probably the origin of the song: Queen Eleanor being the 'Fair Lady' (although clearly the references to steel and smoking in some of the verses were added later!). But span collapses were regular occurrences over the years, with ad hoc repairs being carried out.
The narrowness of the arches produced famously fierce currents at the change of the tide, but also restricted water flow sufficiently for the Thames to freeze over during very cold winters (most notably for the 17th century 'Frost Fairs'). But the water flow was also utilised with several mills being erected on the bridge - one in 1582 pumping London's first water supply.
In 1304 the practice of displaying traitors' heads on spikes was begun (a German visitor in 1598 counted no fewer than thirty such heads). The bridge suffered numerous fires, notably during the Peasant's Revolt in 1381 and Jack Cade's rebellion in 1450, much of which was actually fought on the bridge. The worst, in 1212, broke out at both ends, reportedly killing over 3,000 people - many drowning, as so few could swim then. A later fire, in 1633, burned the northern part of the bridge - a blessing in disguise, as it saved it from the Great Fire in 1666, although afterwards, many houses were rebuilt in the new classical style.
However, it was the bridge's narrowness that was its undoing. Only 28 feet wide, the houses and shops reduced the effective roadway to about 12ft, and it could take over an hour to cross. Congestion in London is nothing new! In 1722 the Lord Mayor decreed that carts going southwards should keep to the East and those northwards to the west - supposedly the origin of the British left-hand rule of the road. The houses started to be removed in 1758, and in 1763 a single span built to replace two central spans, but it was becoming clear that this was only a temporary solution.
In 1821, therefore, a competition was held to design a new bridge. The most dramatic design was that of road engineer Thomas Telford, who proposed a single great arch of cast iron, over 600ft (180m) long and high enough for tall ships to pass beneath unimpeded. George Dance proposed two bridges, each with a drawbridge. The final design chosen was that of John Rennie, and was built 180ft west of the old bridge, so that the two bridges stood side by side. It was completed in 1831, and opened by Queen Adelaide. The old bridge was torn down, during which process Peter de Colechurch's remains were uncovered - only to be thrown into the river.
The Rennie bridge was itself widened in 1902-04, to take account of the growing commuter traffic caused, in part, from London Bridge station being located at its southern end. By the 1960's Rennie's Bridge was beginning to suffer from subsidence from growing motor traffic, and thus the present new design was chosen. Rennie's bridge was sold to a welathy American, Robert McCulloch, and moved to Lake Havesu City in Arizona, after being carefully dismantled: the new bridge was read more